Journal
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
Volume 110, Issue 3, Pages 371-385Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.08.007
Keywords
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; inflammation; transcription factor
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptors family. PPARs are a family of 3 ligand-activated transcription factors: PPAR alpha. (NR1C1), PPAR beta/delta (NUC1; NR1C2), and PPAR gamma (NR1C3). PPAR alpha, -beta/delta, and -gamma are encoded by different genes but show substantial amino acid similarity, especially within the DNA and ligand binding domains. All PPARs act as heterodimers with the 9-cis-retinoic acid receptors (retinoid X receptor; RXRs) and play important roles in the regulation of metabolic pathways, including those of lipid of biosynthesis and glucose metabolism, as well as in a variety of cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis pathways. Recently, there has been a great deal of interest in the involvement of PPARs in inflammatory processes. PPAR ligands, in particular those of PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma, inhibit the activation of inflammatory gene expression and can negatively interfere with pro-inflammatory transcription factor signaling pathways in vascular and inflammatory cells. Furthermore, PPAR levels are differentially regulated in a variety of inflammatory disorders in man, where ligands appear to be promising new therapies. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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