Journal
PARKINSONISM & RELATED DISORDERS
Volume 12, Issue 6, Pages 331-355Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2006.06.002
Keywords
botulinum toxin; dystonia; blepharospasm; cervical dystonia; spasmodic dysphonia; writer's cramp; oromandibular dystonia; Tourette's syndrome; spasticity; hyperhydrosis; cosmetic; hyperreflexive bladder; detrusor sphincter dyssynergia; urethrism; achalasia; anal fissure; levator ani syndrome; pain; Parkinson's disease; headache
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Since its development for the use of blepharospasm and strabismus more than 2.5 decades ago, botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) has become a versatile drug in various fields of medicine. It is the standard of care in different disorders such as cervical dystonia, hemifacial spasm.. focal spasticity, hyperhidrosis, ophthalmological and otolaryngeal disorders. It has also found widespread use in cosmetic applications. Many other indications are currently under investigation, including gastroenterologic and urologic indications, analgesic management and migraine. This paper is an extensive review of the spectrum of BoNT clinical applications. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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