Journal
ALCOHOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Volume 30, Issue 9, Pages 1451-1465Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00176.x
Keywords
glutamate; dopamine; corelease; prediction error signaling; addiction; alcohol; prefrontal cortex
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Funding
- NIAAA NIH HHS [AA010983, AA010761] Funding Source: Medline
- NIMH NIH HHS [MH065924, MH064569] Funding Source: Medline
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH [R01MH065924, R01MH064569] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM [R29AA010983, P50AA010761, R01AA010983] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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While Dale's principle of one neuron, one neurotransmitter has undergone revisions to incorporate evidence of the corelease of atypical neurotransmitters such as neuropeptides, the corelease of classical neurotransmitters has only recently been realized. Surprisingly, numerous studies now indicate that the corelease of neurotransmitters in the mammalian central nervous system is not an obscure and rare phenomenon but is widespread and involves most classical neurotransmitters systems. However, the suggestion that glutamate can be coreleased with dopamine (DA) has remained controversial. Furthermore, glutamate-DA cotransmission has not yet been seriously considered in the context of the neurocircuitry of addiction. If glutamate is in fact coreleased with DA as some evidence now suggests, this may have significant implications for advancing our understanding of the interactive role that these 2 neurotransmitters play in cognitive and reward processes. In this commentary, we review the evidence for and against glutamate as a cotransmitter and discuss the potential role of glutamate-DA corelease in addiction. In particular, we describe a recently proposed model in which coreleased glutamate transmits a temporally precise prediction error signal of reward described by Schultz et al., whereas the function of coreleased DA is to exert prolonged modulatory influences on neuronal activity. In addition, we suggest that as alcohol consumption transitions from recreational use to addiction, there is a corresponding transition in the reward valence signal from better than predicted to worse than predicted.
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