Atypical motor and sensory cortex activation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of simple sequential finger tapping

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been shown to be associated with anomalous motor development, including excessive overflow movements. The neurological basis of these deficits has not been established. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to determine whether differences in brain activation during sequential finger tapping are present in children with ADHD compared with typically developing control subjects. Methods: Twenty-two right-handed children between 8 and 12 years old, 11 with ADHD and 11 typically developing control subjects closely matched for age and gender, performed self-paced sequential finger tapping during fMRI acquisition. Results: There were no significant between-group differences in speed of sequential finger tapping. The between-group whole-brain comparison showed greater magnitude of activation for control subjects than children with ADHD in the right superior parietal lobe during both right-handed and left-handed and left-handed finger tapping. The region-of-interest analysis within Brodmann Area 4 revealed that children with ADHD showed a significantly smaller extent of fMRI activation in the primary motor cortex contralateral to finger-sequencing hand. Conclusions: Despite similar speed of sequential finger tapping, children with ADHD showed decreased contralateral motor cortex and right parietal cortex activation during both right-handed finger sequencing (RHFS) and left-handed finger sequencing (LHFS). The fMRI findings suggest that children with ADHD have anomalous development of cortical systems necessary for execution patterned movements.