Effects of dissolved carboxylates and carbonates on the adsorption properties of thiuram disulfate pesticides

The adsorption of thiram and disulfiram onto alpha-Al2O3 and montmorillonite clay has been studied in the presence of small carboxylate anions, bicarbonate, formate, and oxalate. At natural concentrations, HCO3- enhances dramatically the adsorption of both pesticides on alpha-Al2O3 and clay. An analogous significant enhancement of pesticide adsorption is also observed in the presence of formate and oxalate. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that in solution a stable molecular complex between one molecule of thiram and one molecule of HCO3- is formed with interaction energy -35.6 kcal/mol. In addition, two H2O molecules further stabilize it by an interaction energy of -3.6 kcal/mol. This clustering [thiram-HCO3--2H(2)O] leads to a change of the electronic structure and the ultraviolet-visible spectrum of thiram that is observed experimentally. Surface complexation modeling shows that the molecular cluster [thiram-HCO3-2H(2)O], which bears a total net charge of -1, is responsible for the observed enhanced adsorption on the charged surface of alumina and clay at pH below their points of zero surface charge. The results reveal a novel pervasive role of carboxylate anions and particularly HCO3- on the adsorption of dithiocarbamate pesticides in natural waters.