Journal
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
Volume 187, Issue 4, Pages 405-414Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0409-0
Keywords
ketamine; NMDA receptor; glutamate; gender; memory; cognition; psychosis
Categories
Funding
- NIAAA NIH HHS [K02 AA 00261-04] Funding Source: Medline
- NIDA NIH HHS [DA12382-01] Funding Source: Medline
- NIMH NIH HHS [R01 MH61019-02, P50 MH44866-15] Funding Source: Medline
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH [P50MH044866, R01MH061019] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM [K02AA000261] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE [R01DA012382] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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Rationale Gender differences both in response to ketamine in animals and general cognitive functioning in humans have been observed and suggested to be related to modulatory effects of sex hormones on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) functioning. Objectives The current study aimed to determine whether there were gender differences in response to ketamine in humans. Methods Behavioral data including positive and negative symptoms (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale), perceptual alterations (Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale, CADSS), and high and anxiety states (Visual Analog Scale) from 295 subjects who participated in a total of 11 placebo-controlled ketamine studies were analyzed. In a subset of subjects, memory (Hopkins Verbal Learning Task: HVLT, n=108) and attention (continuous performance task, n=177) data were also analyzed. Results Male participants showed a greater performance decrement on the HVLT after ketamine administration compared to women. Men also reported a greater subjective sense of memory impairment on a CADSS subscale. No other gender differences in behavioral or cognitive measures were observed. Conclusions Men showed a greater vulnerability to the amnestic effects of ketamine than women. Possible explanations of these findings are neuroanatomical and cognitive differences in processing of words in men and women and interactions between sex hormones and NMDA-R function.
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