Comparative scaling of flapping- and fixed-wing flyers

The scaling laws in the geometry, velocity, and power for flapping flyers, for example, birds. and fixed-wing aircraft are discussed from a comparative point of view, and the aerodynamic implications of the scaling. particularly on the lift-to-drag ratio, flapping span efficiency, induced drag, parasite drag. and propulsive efficiency are explored. The results shed insights into flapping flight and provide a useful guideline for file preliminary design of a flapping-flight vehicle.