Effects of air cell injection of perfluorooctane sulfonate before incubation on development of the white leghorn chicken (Gallus domesticus) embryo

Fifty white leghorn chicken (Gallus domesticus) eggs per group were injected with 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, or 20.0 mu g perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)/g egg before incubation to investigate the effects of PFOS on the developing embryo. Hatchlings were weighed, examined for gross developmental abnormalities, and transferred to a battery brooder, where they were raised for 7 d. Chicks were then weighed, and 20 birds per treatment were randomly chosen for necropsy. The brain, heart, kidneys, and liver were removed and weighed. Livers were processed further for determination of PFOS concentrations and histological assessment. Hatchability was reduced significantly in all treatment groups in a dose-dependent manner. The calculated median lethal dose was 4.9 mu g PFOS/g egg. Perfluorooctane sulfonate did not affect posthatch body or organ weights. Exposure to PFOS caused pathological changes in the liver characterized by bile duct hyperplasia, periportal inflammation, and hepatic cell necrosis at doses as low as 1.0 mu g PFOS/g egg. Perfluorooctane sulfonate concentrations in the liver increased in a dose-dependent manner. Based on reduced hatchability, the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level was 0. 1 mu g PFOS/g egg.