Tpl2 Is a Key Mediator of Arsenite-Induced Signal Transduction

Arsenite is a well-known human carcinogen that especially targets skin. The tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2) gene encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase that is over-expressed in various cancer cells. However, the relevance of Tpl2 in arsenite-induced carcinogenesis and the underlying mechanisms remain to be explored. We show that arsenite increased Tpl2 kinase activity and its phosphorylation in mouse epidermal JB6 P+ cells in a dose- and thine-dependent manner. Exposure to arsenite resulted in a marked induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)), important mediators of inflammation and tumor promotion. Treatment with a Tpl2 kinase inhibitor or Tpl2 short hairpin RNA suppressed COX-2 expression and PGE2 production induced by arsenite treatment, suggesting that Tpl2 is critical in arsenite-induced carcinogenesis. We also found that arsenite-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) or c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK) was markedly suppressed by Tpl2 kinase inhibitor or Tpl2 short hairpin RNA. Inhibition of arsenite-induced ERK or JNK signaling using a pharmacologic inhibitor of ERK or JNK substantially blocked COX-2 expression. Furthermore, inhibition of Tpl2 reduced the arsenite-induced promoter activity of NF-kappa B and activator protein-1 (AP-1), indicating that NF-kappa B and AP-1 are downstream transducers of arsenite-triggere Tpl2. Our results show that Tpl2 plays a key role in arsenite-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 production and further elucidate the role of Tpl2 in arsenite signals that activate ERK/JNK and NF-kappa B/AP-1 in JB6 P+ cells. [Cancer Res 2009;69(20):8043-9]