Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FATIGUE
Volume 29, Issue 6, Pages 1024-1033Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2006.09.010
Keywords
microdamage; hierarchy; bone; fracture; age
Funding
- NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR049635, R01 AR049635-05] Funding Source: Medline
- NIA NIH HHS [R01 AG020618-03, R01 AG020618] Funding Source: Medline
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ARTHRITIS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL AND SKIN DISEASES [R01AR049635] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING [R01AG020618] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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Microdamage formation is a critical determinant of bone fracture and the nature and type of damage formed in bone depends on the interaction of its extracellular matrix (ECM) with the applied loading. More importantly, because bone is a hierarchical composite with multiple length scales linked to each other, the nature and type of damage in bone could also be hierarchical. In this review article, based on new unpublished data and a reanalysis of literature reports on in vivo and in vitro observations of microdamage, three length scales including mineralized collagen fibrils, lamellar and osteonal levels have been identified as the key contributors to microdamage hierarchy and energy dissipation in bone. Inherent hierarchy in bone's ECM therefore has specific microstructural features and energy dissipation mechanisms at different length scales that allow the bone to effectively resist the different components of the applied physiological loading. Furthermore, because human bones experience multiaxial cyclic loading and their ECM is subjected to variation with aging and disease, additional emphasis is placed on investigating how the nature of applied loading and the quality of ECM affect the hierarchy of microdamage formation with age. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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