The helix-loop-helix protein Id1 requires cyclin D1 to promote the proliferation of mammary epithelial cell acini

Overexpression of the helix-loop-helix (HLH) protein Id1 has been associated with metastasis in breast cancer, but its role in models of early breast tumorigenesis is not well characterized. We show that the down-regulation of endogenous Id1 via proteosomal degradation and relocalization from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is an early event in the formation mammary epithelial acini. Overexpression of Id1. in both human MCF-10A and primary mouse mammary epithelial cells disrupted normal acinar development by increasing acinar volume. This occurred in an HLH domain-dependent fashion via an increase in S phase. Id1 overexpression also increased apoptosis leading to accelerated luminal clearance, and this was reversed by coexpression of the proto-oncogene Bcl2, leading to large, disorganized structures with fined lumina. Id1 overexpression was unable to increase the volume of cyclin D1(-/-) acini, indicating that Id1 is dependent on cyclin D1 for its proliferative effects. In summary, Id1 may contribute to early breast cancer by promoting excessive proliferation through cyclin D1.