Use of nanoparticles in the electrochemical analysis of biological samples

The specific effects of various nanoparticles on processes occurring in the electrochemical analysis of biological samples are considered. The material classification is based on a structural principle of the organization of a sensing element. Nanoparticles can occur immediately on its surface or in the bulk of an analyte (in the latter case, they can be chemically bound to the surface); they can be incorporated into the analyte and serve as its labels. The use of nanoparticles significantly extends the capabilities of bioelectrochemical methods of analysis. In a number of cases, the use of nanoparticles provides an opportunity to abandon the use of enzymes; this is very promising for clinical analysis. Methods for the electrochemical analysis of biological samples with the use of nanoparticles can be a serious addition to classical biochemical methods.