Journal
CANCER IMMUNOLOGY IMMUNOTHERAPY
Volume 63, Issue 11, Pages 1115-1128Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1617-9
Keywords
Stress; Catecholamines; Immunosuppression; Immunotherapies; Nervous system
Categories
Funding
- National Institute of Health [R01 CA135368, T32 CA 085183]
- Breast Cancer Research and Education Fund through NY State Department of Health [C028252]
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Long conserved mechanisms maintain homeostasis in living creatures in response to a variety of stresses. However, continuous exposure to stress can result in unabated production of stress hormones, especially catecholamines, which can have detrimental health effects. While the long-term effects of chronic stress have well-known physiological consequences, recent discoveries have revealed that stress may affect therapeutic efficacy in cancer. Growing epidemiological evidence reveals strong correlations between progression-free and long-term survival and beta-blocker usage in cancer patients. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how the catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine, affect cancer cell survival and tumor progression. We also highlight new data exploring the potential contributions of stress to immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment and the implications of these findings for the efficacy of immunotherapies.
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