Receptor-mediated delivery of antigens to dendritic cells: Anticancer applications

Recently, there has been a surge of interest in the use of ex vivo antigen-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) in the immunotherapy for cancer. DCs are powerful adjuvants with the ability to prime naive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. As antigen sources, various preparations, including peptides, proteins, crude tumor lysates, and DCs transfected or transformed with various viruses, have been used. These procedures that involve the isolation of patient DCs and reintroduction after in vitro manipulation are time-consuming and expensive. The DC populations used frequently in ex vivo clinical studies are IL-4 and GM-CSF cultured DCs that may not represent the in vivo DC populations. An attractive method of targeting in vivo DCs is to utilize various ligands or antibodies that bind discrete populations of DCs. These cell surface receptors will direct the antigen to different antigen processing pathways depending on the targeted receptor to induce cytotoxic T cell or T helper responses. This review will discuss the various approaches and receptors that have been used for antigen targeting that may eventually be translated to alternative DC-based immunotherapies.