Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT
Volume 31, Issue 1, Pages 1-11Publisher
SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD
DOI: 10.1177/0165025406073530
Keywords
children; expressive display rules; honesty; lying; prosocial behavior; verbal deception
Categories
Funding
- NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD047290-01A2, R01 HD047290] Funding Source: Medline
- EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT [R01HD047290] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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Prosocial lie-telling behavior in children between 3 and 11 years of age was examined using an undesirable gift paradigm. In the first condition, children received an undesirable gift and were questioned by the gift-giver about whether they liked the gift. In the second condition, children were also given an undesirable gift but received parental encouragement to tell a white lie prior to being questioned by the gift-giver. In the third condition, the child's parent received an undesirable gift and the child was encouraged to lie on behalf of their parent. In all conditions, the majority of children told a white lie and this tendency increased with age. Coding of children's facial expressions using Ekman and Friesen's (1978) Facial Action Coding System revealed significant but small differences between lie-tellers and control children in terms of both positive and negative facial expressions. Detailed parental instruction facilitated children's display of appropriate verbal and nonverbal expressive behaviors when they received an undesirable gift.
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