Journal
CANCER
Volume 120, Issue 22, Pages 3446-3456Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28864
Keywords
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (BRAF); extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK); mitogen-activated protein kinase-kinase (MEK); signaling; melanoma; ovarian cancer; colorectal cancer
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Funding
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
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The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated (MAPK/ERK) pathway is activated by upstream genomic events and/or activation of multiple signaling events in which information coalesces at this important nodal pathway point. This pathway is tightly regulated under normal conditions by phosphatases and bidirectional communication with other pathways, like the protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (AKT/m-TOR) pathway. Recent evidence indicates that the MAPK/ERK signaling node can function as a tumor suppressor as well as the more common pro-oncogenic signal. The effect that predominates depends on the intensity of the signal and the context or tissue in which the signal is aberrantly activated. Genomic profiling of tumors has revealed common mutations in MAPK/ERK pathway components, such as v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF). Currently approved for the treatment of melanoma, inhibitors of BRAF kinase are being studied alone and in combination with inhibitors of the MAPK and other pathways to optimize the treatment of many tumor types. Therapies targeted toward MAPK/ERK components have various response rates when used in different solid tumors, such as colorectal cancer and ovarian cancer. Understanding the differential nature of activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway in each tumor type is critical in developing single and combination regimens, because different tumors have unique mechanisms of primary and secondary signaling and subsequent sensitivity to drugs. (C) 2014 American Cancer Society.
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