Nitrate signalling to stomata and growing leaves: interactions with soil drying, ABA, and xylem sap pH in maize

Increasing the nitrate (N) concentration in the rooting substrate above deficiency decreased stomatal conductance and leaf growth rate compared with sufficient N in maize seedlings (Zea mays L.) growing in drying substrate. Novel effects were detected when N in the non-deficient range was supplied directly to the xylem of detached shoots: concentrations above 2.0 mol m(-3) KNO(3) reduced transpiration, and concentrations above 12 mol m(-3) KNO(3) reduced leaf growth rate. Evidence is provided that the novel effects of N on transpiration and growth were mediated by pH-based ABA redistribution. ABA at 0.05 mol m(-3), whilst ineffective alone, sensitized leaf growth to increases in KNO(3) concentration (from 3.0 mol m(-3)), and the capacity of higher concentrations of ABA to reduce growth was enhanced by KNO(3). Transpiration was sensitively reduced by KNO(3), ABA, or buffers adjusted to pH 6.7-7.0 (compared with buffers adjusted to pH 5.0) alone. Nevertheless, a synergistic effect of KNO(3) and either ABA or buffers adjusted to pH 6.7-7.0 was observed. Buffers of pH 5.6 supplied to detached shoots alleviated the depression of transpiration caused by 12 mol m(-3) KNO(3). Buffers adjusted to pH 6.7 increased the sensitivity of growth to KNO(3). Xylem sap extracted from intact seedlings growing in drying soil exhibited an initial increase in N concentration, followed by a decrease at progressively lower soil water potentials. The importance for novel N signalling above deficiency is discussed with reference to the generality of fluctuations in soil and xylem N concentration within this range.