Pelagic fish outburst or suprabenthic habitat occupation: legacy of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) collapse in eastern Canada

The use of bottom-trawl research survey data to estimate population trends for small pelagic fishes, despite the extremely low selectivity of this gear for these species, has created the impression of a pelagic fish outburst along eastern Canada in the 1990s as a top-down response resulting from the demise of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and other groundfish. Using Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) population assessments, fisheries statistics, and an acoustic database, as well as grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) diet studies, I demonstrate that contrary to a pelagic outburst, pelagic catches in research bottom trawls increased in several eastern Canadian ecosystems as these species increasingly occupied the suprabenthic habitat vacated by their diminishing groundfish predators. Although several herring populations were actually decreasing in abundance, bottom-trawl indices (BTIs) were dramatically increasing as their availability to research bottom-trawl surveys increased, Studies using BTIs have systematically underestimated pelagic fish abundances before the cod decline and therefore have dramatically overestimated their importance since, seriously biasing our view of the past and present state of many Canadian east coast ecosystems.