Defining an inhibitory domain in the alpha-subunit of the epithelial sodium channel

Epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) are processed by proteases as they transit the biosynthetic pathway. We recently observed that furin-dependent processing of the alpha-subunit of ENaC at two sites within its extracellular domain is required for channel activation due to release of a 26-residue inhibitory domain. While channels with alpha-subunits lacking the furin sites are not cleaved and have very low activity, channels lacking the furin consensus sites as well as the tract between these sites (alpha D206-R231) are active. We analyzed channels with a series of deletions in the tract alpha D206-R231 and lacking the alpha-subunit furin consensus sites in Xenopus laevis oocytes. We found an eight-residue tract that, when deleted, restored channel activity to the level found in oocytes expressing wild-type ENaC. A synthetic peptide, LPHPLQRL, representing the tract alpha L211-L218, inhibited wild-type ENaC expressed in oocytes with an IC50 of 0.9 mu M, and inhibited channels expressed in collecting duct cells and human primary airway epithelial cells with an IC(50)s of between similar to 50 and 100 mu M. Analyses of peptides with deletions within this inhibitory tract indicate that eight residues is the minimal backbone length that is required for ENaC inhibition. Analyses of 8-mer peptides with conserved and nonconserved substitutions suggest that L-1, P-2, H-3, P-4, and L-8 are required for inhibitory activity. Our findings suggest that this eight-residue tract is a key conserved inhibitory domain that provides epithelial cells with a reserve of inactive channels that can be activated as required by proteases.