Journal
BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY
Volume 193, Issue 4, Pages 322-326Publisher
CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.046706
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Funding
- National Health and medical Research Council of Australia
- Eli Lilly
- University of Melbourne
- University of Melbourne, Faculty of medicine, Dentistry
- Health Sciences and the Australian Rotary Health Research Fund
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Background Smoking is disproportionately prevalent among people with psychiatric illness. Aims To investigate smoking as a risk factor for major depressive disorder. Method A population-based sample of women was studied using case-control and retrospective cohort study designs. Exposure to smoking was self-reported, and major depressive disorder diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID-I/NP). Results Among 165 people with major depressive disorder and 806 controls, smoking was associated with increased odds for major depressive disorder (age-adjusted odds ratio (OR)=1.46, 95% Cl 1.03-2.07). Compared with non-smokers, odds for major depressive disorder more than doubled for heavy smokers (>20 cigarettes/day). Among 671 women with no history of major depressive disorder at baseline, 13 of 87 smokers and 38 of 584 non-smokers developed de novo major depressive disorder during a decade of follow-up. Smoking increased major depressive disorder risk by 93% (hazard ratio (HR)=1.93, 95% Cl 1.02-3.69), this was not explained by physical activity or alcohol consumption. Conclusions Evidence from cross-sectional and longitudinal data suggests that smoking increases the risk of major depressive disorder in women.
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