Journal
BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY
Volume 165, Issue 5, Pages 1543-1555Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01638.x
Keywords
antipsychotics; clozapine; haloperidol; microdialysis; L-glutamate; d-serine
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Funding
- Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Culture [18390316, 18659330]
- Mitsubishi Pharma Research Foundation
- Japan Epilepsy Research Foundation
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [18659330, 18390316, 22390224] Funding Source: KAKEN
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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Deficient transmission at the glutamate NMDA receptor is considered a key component of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, the effects of antipsychotic drugs on the release of the endogenous NMDA receptor partial agonist, d-serine, remain to be clarified. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We determined the interaction between antipsychotic drugs (clozapine and haloperidol) and transmission-modulating toxins (tetanus toxin, fluorocitrate, tetrodotoxin) on the release of L-glutamate and D-serine in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of freely moving rats, using microdialysis, and primary cultures of astrocytes using extreme high-pressure liquid chromatography. KEY RESULTS Release of L-glutamate and D-serine in the mPFC and in cultured astrocytes was inhibited by tetanus toxin (a synaptobrevin inhibitor) and fluorocitrate (a glial toxin), whereas tetrodotoxin (a voltage-sensitive Na+ blocker) inhibited depolarization-induced L-glutamate release in the mPFC without affecting that of D-serine. Clozapine (1 and 5 mg.kg(-1)), but not haloperidol (0.5 and 1 mg.kg(-1)), dose-dependently increased L-glutamate and D-serine release from both astrocytes and mPFC. Clozapine-induced release of L-glutamate and D-serine was also reduced by tetanus toxin and fluorocitrate. Tetrodotoxin reduced clozapine-induced mPFC L-glutamate release but not that of D-serine. Clozapine-induced L-glutamate release preceded clozapine-induced D-serine release. MK-801 (a NMDA receptor antagonist) inhibited the delayed clozapine-induced L-glutamate release without affecting that of D-serine. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Clozapine predominantly activated glial exocytosis of D-serine, and this clozapine-induced D-serine release subsequently enhances neuronal L-glutamate release via NMDA receptor activation. The enhanced D-serine associated glial transmission seems a novel mechanism of action of clozapine but not haloperidol.
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