Maternal traditional dietary pattern and antiretroviral treatment exposure are associated with neonatal size and adiposity in urban, black South Africans

This study examines the associations between maternal Traditional dietary pattern adherence and HIV/treatment with neonatal size and adiposity in urban, black South Africans, as well as how specific maternal factors - that is BMI and gestational weight gain (GWG) - may influence these associations. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine associations among maternal Traditional diet pattern adherence (pattern score), HIV/treatment status (three groups: HIV negative, HIV positive (antenatal antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiation), HIV positive (pm-pregnancy ART initiation)), BMI and GWG (kg/week), and newborn (1) weight:length ratio (WLR. kg/m) in 393 mother-neonate pairs, and (2) Peapod estimated fat mass index (EMI, kg/m(3)) in a 171-pair subsample. In fully adjusted models, maternal obesity and GWG were associated with 0.25 kg/m (P=0.008) and 0.48 kg/m (P=0.002) higher newborn WLR, whereas Traditional diet pattern score was associated with lower newborn WLR (-0.04 kg/m per +1 SD; P=0.033). In addition, Traditional diet pattern score was associated with 0.13 kg/m(3) (P=0.027) and 0.32 kg/m(3) (P= 0.005) lower FMI in the total sample and in newborns of normal-weight women, respectively. HIV-positive (pre-pregnancy ART) v. HIV-negative (ref) status was associated with 141 kg/m(3) (P= 0.002) higher newborn FMI. Promotion of a Traditional dietary pattern, alongside a healthy maternal pre-conception weight, in South African women may reduce newborn adiposity and metabolic risk profiles. In HIV-positive women, targeted monitoring and management strategies are necessary to limit treatment-associated effects on in utero fat deposition.