Journal
BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION
Volume 106, Issue 7, Pages 1090-1099Publisher
CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114511001437
Keywords
Anthocyanidins; Intake; Food sources; EPIC-Europe
Categories
Funding
- European Commission
- Ligue contre le Cancer
- Institut Gustave Roussy
- Mutuelle Generale de l'Education Nationale
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) (France)
- German Cancer Aid
- German Cancer Research Centre
- German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
- Danish Cancer Society
- Spanish Ministry of Health (RTICC) [DR06/0020]
- participating regional governments and institutions of Spain
- Cancer Research UK
- Medical Research Council, UK
- Stroke Association, UK
- British Heart Foundation
- Department of Health, UK
- Food Standards Agency, UK
- Wellcome Trust, UK
- Hellenic Ministry of Health
- Stavros Niarchos Foundation
- Hellenic Health Foundation
- Italian Association for Research on Cancer
- Compagnia San Paolo, Italy
- Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports
- Dutch Ministry of Health
- Dutch Prevention Funds
- LK Research Funds
- Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland)
- World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)
- Swedish Cancer Society
- Swedish Scientific Council
- Regional Government of Skane, Sweden
- Nordforsk - Centre of Excellence
- Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria (FIS), Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [CD09/00133]
- Medical Research Council [G0800603, G1000143, G0401527] Funding Source: researchfish
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Anthocyanidins are bioactive flavonoids with potential health-promoting effects. These may vary among single anthocyanidins considering differences in their bioavailability and some of the mechanisms involved. The aim of the present study was to estimate the dietary intake of anthocyanidins, their food sources and the lifestyle factors (sex, age, BMI, smoking status, educational level and physisical activity) involved among twenty-seven centres in ten European countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Anthocyanidin intake and their food sources for 36 037 subjects, aged between 35 and 74 years, in twenty-seven redefined centres were obtained using standardised 24 h dietary recall software (EPIC-SOFT). An ad hoc food composition database on anthocyanidins (cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin) was compiled using data from the US Department of Agriculture and Phenol-Explorer databases and was expanded by adding recipes, estimated values and cooking factors. For men, the total anthocyanidin mean intake ranged from 19.83 (SE 1.53) mg/d (Bilthoven, The Netherlands) to 64.88 (SE 1.86) mg/d (Turin, Italy), whereas for women the range was 18.73 (SE 2.80) mg/d (Granada, Spain) to 44.08 (SE 2.45) mg/d (Turin, Italy). A clear south to north gradient intake was observed. Cyanidins and malvidins were the main anthocynidin contributors depending on the region and sex. Anthocyanidin intake was higher in non-obese older females, non-smokers, and increased with educational level and physical activity. The major food sources were fruits, wine, non-alcoholic beverages and some vegetables. The present study shows differences in both total and individual anthocyanidin intakes and various lifestyle factors throughout Europe, with some geographical variability in their food sources.
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