Journal
BRAIN RESEARCH
Volume 1314, Issue -, Pages 91-102Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.019
Keywords
Hypocretin; Orexin; Arousal; Stress; Waking; Reward
Categories
Funding
- NIDA NIH HHS [K02 DA000389-09, K02 DA000389, K02 DA000389-07, K02 DA000389-08, K02 DA000389-10, K02 DA000389-06] Funding Source: Medline
- NIMH NIH HHS [R01 MH081843, R01 MH062359, R01 MH062359-03, R01 MH062359-02, R01 MH062359-01A1, R01 MH062359-04] Funding Source: Medline
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Multiple lines of evidence indicate that hypocretin/orexin (HCRT) participates in the regulation of arousal and arousal-related process. For example, HCRT axons and receptors are found within a variety of arousal-related systems. Moreover, when administered centrally, HCRT exerts robust wake-promoting actions. Finally, a dysregulation of HCRT neurotransmission is associated with the sleep/arousal disorder, narcolepsy. Combined, these observations suggested that HCRT might be a key transmitter system in the regulation of waking. Nonetheless, subsequent evidence indicates that HCRT may not play a prominent role in the initiation of normal waking. instead HCRT may participate in a variety of processes such as consolidation of waking and/or coupling metabolic state with behavioral state. Additionally, substantial evidence suggests a potential involvement of HCRT in high-arousal conditions, including stress. Thus, HCRT neurotransmission is closely linked to high-arousal conditions, including stress, and HCRT administration exerts a variety of stress-like physiological and behavioral effects that are superimposed on HCRT-induced increases in arousal. Combined, this evidence suggests the hypothesis that HCRT may participate in behavioral responding under high-arousal aversive conditions. importantly, these actions of HCRT may not be limited to stress. Like stress, appetifive conditions are associated with elevated arousal levels and a stress-like activation of various physiological systems. These and other observations suggest that HCRT may, at least in part, exert affectively neutral actions that are important under high-arousal conditions associated with elevated motivation and/or need for action. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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