Generalized learning of visual-to-auditory substitution in sighted individuals

Visual-to-auditory substitution involves delivering information about the visual world using auditory input. Although the potential suitability of sound as visual substitution has previously been demonstrated, the basic mechanism behind crossmodal learning is largely unknown; particularly, the degree to which learning generalizes to new stimuli has not been formally tested. We examined learning processes involving the use of the image-to-sound conversion system developed by Meijer [Meijer, P., 1992. An experimental system for auditory image representations. IEEE Trans Biom Eng. 39 (2), 112-121.] that codes visual vertical and horizontal axes into frequency and time representations, respectively. Two behavioral experiments provided training to sighted individuals in a controlled environment. The first experiment explored the early learning stage, comparing performance of individuals who received short-term training and those who were only explicitly given the conversion rules. Both groups performed above chance, suggesting an intuitive understanding of the image-sound relationship; the lack of group difference indicates that this intuition could be acquired simply on the basis of explicit knowledge. The second experiment involved training over a three-week period using a larger variety of stimuli. Performance on both previously trained and novel items was examined over time. Performance on the familiar items was higher than on the novel items, but performance on the latter improved over time. While the lack of improvement with the familiar items suggests memory-based performance, the improvement with novel items demonstrated generalized learning, indicating abstraction of the conversion rules such that they could be applied to interpret auditory patterns coding new visual information. Such generalization could provide a basis for the substitution in a constantly changing visual environment. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.