Journal
PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR
Volume 7, Issue 8, Pages 1014-1021Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC
DOI: 10.4161/psb.20851
Keywords
E3 ubiquitin ligases; gene families; RING fingers; Arabidopsis thaliana; pathogen response; stress response
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Funding
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (Conacyt) Mexico
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An abundant class of E3 ubiquitin ligases encodes the RING-finger domain. The RING finger binds to the E2 ubiquitinconjugating enzyme and brings together both the E2 and substrate. It is predicted that 477 RING finger E3 ligases exist in Arabidopsis thaliana. A particular family among them, named Arabidopsis Toxicos en Levadura (ATL), consists of 91 members that contain the RING-H2 variation and a hydrophobic domain located at the N-terminal end. Transmembrane E3 ligases are important in several biological processes. For instance, some transmembrane RING finger E3 ligases are main participants in the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway that targets misfolded proteins. Functional analysis of a number of ATLs has shown that some of them regulate distinct pathways in plants. Several ATLs have been shown to participate in defense responses, while others play a role in the regulation of the carbon/nitrogen response during postgerminative seedling growth transition, in the regulation of cell death during root development, in endosperm development, or in the transition to flowering under short day conditions. The ATL family has also been instrumental in evolution studies for showing how gene families are expanded in plant genomes.
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