Collecting ethnic statistics in Europe: a review

Statistics on ethnicity, if not on 'race', are common in a large number of countries around the world, but not in the western part of Europe. This divergence can be explained by legal prohibitions attached to data protection provisions and by a political reluctance to recognize and emphasize ethnic diversity in official statistics. Following different traditions of political framing, northern, central and eastern European countries have implemented different ways of collecting 'ethnic statistics'. This article provides a review of the heterogeneity of methodologies used for converting ethnicity into statistics and discusses their limitations for any potential standardization. As part of the enforcement of anti-discrimination policies, European human rights institutions are urging a reconsideration of the choice of 'colour-blind' statistics. Counting or not counting by ethnicity raises epistemological and methodological dilemmas which this article attempts to identify.