Monosodium urate crystal induced macrophage inflammation is attenuated by chondroitin sulphate: pre-clinical model for gout prophylaxis?

Background: Chondroitin Sulphate (CS), a natural glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular matrix, has clinical benefit in symptomatic osteoarthritis but has never been tested in gout. In vitro, CS has anti-inflammatory and positive effects on osteoarthritic chondrocytes, synoviocytes and subchondral bone osteoblasts, but its effect on macrophages is unknown. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of CS on monosodium urate (MSU)-stimulated cytokine production by macrophages. Methods: THP-1 monocytes were differentiated into mature macrophages using a phorbol ester, pretreated for 4 hours with CS in a physiologically achievable range of concentrations (10-200 mu g/ml) followed by MSU crystal stimulation for 24 hours. Cell culture media were analyzed by immunoassay for factors known to be upregulated during gouty inflammation including IL-1 beta, IL-8 and TNF alpha. The specificity of inflammasome activation by MSU crystals was tested with a caspase-1 inhibitor (0.01 mu M-10 mu M). Results: MSU crystals >= 10 mg/dl increased macrophage production of IL-1 beta, IL-8 and TNF alpha a mean 7-, 3- and 4-fold respectively. Induction of IL-1 beta by MSU was fully inhibited by a caspase-1 inhibitor confirming inflammasome activation as the mechanism for generating this cytokine. In a dose-dependent manner, CS significantly inhibited IL-1 beta (p = 0.003), and TNF alpha (p = 0.02) production from macrophages in response to MSU. A similar trend was observed for IL-8 but was not statistically significant (p = 0.41). Conclusions: CS attenuated MSU crystal induced macrophage inflammation, suggesting a possible role for CS in gout prophylaxis.