Journal
BMC MEDICINE
Volume 9, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
BIOMED CENTRAL LTD
DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-9-90
Keywords
-
Categories
Funding
- United States National Institute of Mental Health [R01MH070884]
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- Pfizer Foundation
- USA Public Health Service [R13-MH066849, R01-MH069864, R01 DA016558]
- Fogarty International Center [FIRCA R03-TW006481]
- Pan American Health Organization
- Eli Lilly & Company Foundation
- Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical, Inc.
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Sanofi-Aventis
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- State of Brazil Research Foundation (FAPESP) [03/00204-3]
- Ministry of Social Protection
- European Commission [QLG5-1999-01042, SANCO 2004123]
- Piedmont Region (Italy)
- Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain [FIS 00/0028]
- Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Spain [SAF 2000-158-CE]
- Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III [CIBER CB06/02/0046, RETICS RD06/0011 REM-TAP]
- Government of India
- WHO
- Ministry of Health
- Israel National Institute for Health Policy and Health Services Research
- National Insurance Institute of Israel
- Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare [H13-Shogai-023, H14-Tokubetsu-026, H16-Kokoro-013]
- Lebanese Ministry of Public Health
- WHO (Lebanon)
- Fogarty International, anonymous private donations to IDRAAC, Lebanon
- Janssen Cilag
- Eli Lilly
- Roche
- Novartis
- National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente [INPRFMDIES 4280]
- National Council on Science and Technology [CONACyT-G30544-H]
- PanAmerican Health Organization (PAHO)
- New Zealand Ministry of Health, Alcohol Advisory Council
- Health Research Council
- USA National Institute of Mental Health [R01-MH059575, RO1-MH61905]
- National Institute of Drug Abuse
- South African Department of Health
- University of Michigan
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) [U01-MH60220]
- National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) [044708]
- John W. Alden Trusts
- Analysis Group Inc.
- Eli Lilly Company
- EPI-Q
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceuticals
- Ortho-McNeil Janssen Scientific Affairs
- Pfizer Inc.
- Shire USA, Inc.
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Background: Major depression is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, yet epidemiologic data are not available for many countries, particularly low- to middle-income countries. In this paper, we present data on the prevalence, impairment and demographic correlates of depression from 18 high and low-to middle-income countries in the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Methods: Major depressive episodes (MDE) as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DMS-IV) were evaluated in face-to-face interviews using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Data from 18 countries were analyzed in this report (n = 89,037). All countries surveyed representative, population-based samples of adults. Results: The average lifetime and 12-month prevalence estimates of DSM-IV MDE were 14.6% and 5.5% in the ten high-income and 11.1% and 5.9% in the eight low- to middle-income countries. The average age of onset ascertained retrospectively was 25.7 in the high-income and 24.0 in low- to middle-income countries. Functional impairment was associated with recency of MDE. The female: male ratio was about 2: 1. In high-income countries, younger age was associated with higher 12-month prevalence; by contrast, in several low-to middle-income countries, older age was associated with greater likelihood of MDE. The strongest demographic correlate in high-income countries was being separated from a partner, and in low- to middle-income countries, was being divorced or widowed. Conclusions: MDE is a significant public-health concern across all regions of the world and is strongly linked to social conditions. Future research is needed to investigate the combination of demographic risk factors that are most strongly associated with MDE in the specific countries included in the WMH.
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