Systematic review and meta-analysis on the utility of Interferon-gamma release assays for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children: a 2013 update

Background: Previous meta-analyses regarding the performance of interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) for tuberculosis diagnosis in children yielded contrasting results, probably due to different inclusion/exclusion criteria. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases and calculated pooled estimates of sensitivities and specificities of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In Tube (QFT-G-IT), T-SPOT. TB, and tuberculin skin test (TST). Several sub-analysis were performed: stratification by background (low income vs. high income countries); including only microbiological confirmed TB cases; including only studies performing a simultaneous three-way comparison of the three tests, and including immunocompromised children. Results: Overall, 31 studies (6183 children) for QFT-G-IT, 14 studies (2518 children) for T-SPOT. TB and 34 studies (6439 children) for TST were included in the analyses. In high income countries QFT-G-IT sensitivity was 0.79 (95% IC: 0.75-0.82) considering all the studies, 0.78 (95% CI: 0.70-0.84) including only studies performing a simultaneous three-way comparison and 0.86 (95% IC 0.81-0.90) considering only microbiologically confirmed studies. In the same analyses T-SPOT. TB sensitivity was 0.67 (95% IC 0.62-0.73); 0.76 (95% CI: 0.68 to 0.83); and 0.79 (95% IC 0.69-0.87), respectively. In low income countries QFT-G-IT pooled sensitivity was significantly lower: 0.57 (95% IC: 0.52-0.61), considering all the studies, and 0.66 (95% IC 0.55-0.76) considering only microbiologically confirmed cases; while T-SPOT. TB sensitivity was 0.61 (95% IC 0.57-0.65) overall, but reached 0.80 (95% IC 0.73-0.86) in microbiologically confirmed cases. In microbiologically confirmed cases TST sensitivity was similar: 0.86 (95% IC 0.79-0.91) in high income countries, and 0.74 (95% IC 0.68-0.80) in low income countries. Higher IGRAs specificity with respect to TST was observed in high income countries (97-98% vs. 92%) but not in low income countries (85-93% vs. 90%). Conclusions: Both IGRAs showed no better performance than TST in low income countries.