Journal
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
Volume 125, Issue 9, Pages 3365-3376Publisher
AMER SOC CLINICAL INVESTIGATION INC
DOI: 10.1172/JCI80006
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Funding
- Italian Ministry of Health
- Italian Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (FIRB) [cup: B31J11000420001]
- Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC) [6599, 12182, 14103, 12886]
- Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Verona, Vicenza, Belluno e Ancona
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The generation of an inflammatory environment is favorable and often decisive for the growth of both primary tumors and metastases. Tumor cells either express membrane molecules or release tumor-derived soluble factors able to alter myelopoiesis. Tumor-reprogrammed myeloid cells not only create a tolerogenic environment by blocking T cell functions and proliferation, but also directly drive tumor growth by promoting cancer sternness, angiogenesis, stroma deposition, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis formation. In this Review, we discuss the interplay between immunosuppressive and protumoral myeloid cells and detail their immune-regulatory mechanisms, the molecular pathways involved in their differentiation, as well as their potential role as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers and prospective targets for innovative approaches to treat tumor-bearing hosts.
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