Expression of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ gene is repressed by DNA methylation in visceral adipose tissue of mouse models of diabetes

Background: Adipose tissues serve not only as a store for energy in the form of lipid, but also as endocrine tissues that regulates metabolic activities of the organism by secreting various kinds of hormones. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor. (PPAR gamma) is a key regulator of adipocyte differentiation that induces the expression of adipocyte-specific genes in preadipocytes and mediates their differentiation into adipocytes. Furthermore, PPAR gamma has an important role to maintain the physiological function of mature adipocyte by controlling expressions of various genes properly. Therefore, any reduction in amount and activity of PPAR gamma is linked to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. Results: In this study, we investigated the contribution of epigenetic transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, to the expression of the PPAR gamma gene, and further evaluated the contribution of such epigenetic regulatory mechanisms to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. In 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, the promoter of the PPAR gamma 2 gene was hypermethylated, but was progressively demethylated upon induction of differentiation, which was accompanied by an increase of mRNA expression. Moreover, treatment of cells with 5'-aza-cytideine, an inhibitor of DNA methylation, increased expression of the PPAR gamma gene in a dose-dependent manner. Methylation in vitro of a PPAR gamma promoter-driven reporter construct also repressed the transcription of a downstream reporter gene. These results suggest that the expression of the PPAR gamma gene is inhibited by methylation of its promoter. We next compared the methylation status of the PPAR gamma promoters in adipocytes from wild-type (WT) mice with those from two diabetic mouse models: +Lepr(db)/+Lepr(db) and diet-induced obesity mice. Interestingly, we found increased methylation of the PPAR gamma promoter in visceral adipose tissues (VAT) of the mouse models of diabetes, compared to that observed in wild-type mice. We observed a concomitant decrease in the level of PPAR gamma mRNA in the diabetic mice compared to the WT mice. Conclusion: We conclude that the expression of PPAR gamma gene is regulated by DNA methylation of its promoter region and propose that reduced expression of PPAR gamma owing to DNA methylation in adipocytes of the VAT may contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome.