Journal
ASSESSMENT
Volume 22, Issue 4, Pages 473-489Publisher
SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC
DOI: 10.1177/1073191114550477
Keywords
parenting; early adolescence; multiple perspectives; questionnaire; measurement invariance; problem behavior
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Funding
- Concerted Research Action grant from the KU Leuven Research Fund [GOA/12/009]
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Uncertainty persists regarding adequate measurement of parenting behavior during early adolescence. The present study aimed to clarify the conceptual structure of parenting by evaluating three different models that include support, psychological control, and various types of behavioral control (i.e., proactive, punitive, and harsh punitive control). Furthermore, we examined measurement invariance of parenting ratings by 1,111 Flemish adolescents from Grade 7 till 9, their mother, and father. Finally, criterion validity of parenting ratings was estimated in relation to adolescent problem behavior. Results supported a five-factor parenting model indicating multiple aspects of behavioral control, with punitive and harsh punitive control as more intrusive forms and proactive control as a more supportive form. Similar constructs were measured for adolescents, mothers, and fathers (i.e., configural and metric invariance), however on a different scale (i.e., scalar noninvariance). Future research and clinical practices should acknowledge these findings in order to fully grasp the parenting process.
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