Hetero-cis-normativity and the gendering of transphobia

A persistent finding in past research reifies a gendered cisnormative bias whereby heterosexual men (compared to heterosexual women) have been found to be overwhelmingly less supportive of transgender individuals in quantitative studies conducted in the United States and in Canada, China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Poland, Singapore, Sweden, Thailand, and the United Kingdom. I suggest that this finding reflects a synergistic relationship between transphobia and homophobia or, put another way, an overarching presence of hetero-cis-normativity whereby it is normal to be both heterosexual and cisgender and it is not normal (and therefore acceptable to be prejudiced toward) nonheterosexual and noncisgender individuals. Using this hetero-cisnormative framework in the current study, I utilize quantitative survey data from college-age students (N = 775; average age, 22;78% White) at a university in the southern United States to investigate attitudes toward transgender individuals in three ways. First, I explore how hetero-cisnormative assumptions lead to gender differences in attitudes toward male-to-female and female-to-male transgender individuals. Next, I examine perspectives in opposition to hetero-cisnormativity-namely feminist identity and supportive attitudes toward lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals-to explain why men (compared to women) have more negative attitudes toward transgender individuals. Finally, I explore how nonheterosexuals' attitudes may further elucidate the relationship between gender and attitudes toward transgender individuals. Overall results provide support for using a hetero-cis-normative framework to understand transphobia.