Social innovation: a window on alternative ways of organizing and innovating

The term 'social innovation' is used to describe a broad range of organizational and inter-organizational activity that is ostensibly designed to address the most deep-rooted 'problems' of society, such as poverty, inequality and environmental degradation. Theoretically, however, this presents challenges because many of the ideas and practices grouped under the label of social innovation may have relatively little in common. In this article, we outline a simple framework for categorizing different types of social innovation - social entrepreneurship, social intrapreneurship, and social extrapreneurship - which we believe provides a useful basis for theory building in this area. We also offer suggestions for future research with the potential to deepen, extend and refine our typology.