Flavonoid-mediated inhibition of SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease expressed in Pichia pastoris

The 3C-like protease (3CL(pro)) of severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is vital for SARS-CoV replication and is a promising drug target. Recombinant 3CL(pro) was expressed in GS115 as a 42 kDa protein that displayed a of 15 +/- A 2 mu M with Dabcyl-KTSAVLQSGFRKME-Edans as substrate. Purified 3CL(pro) was used for inhibition and kinetic assays with seven flavonoid compounds. The IC50 of six flavonoid compounds were 47-381 mu M. Quercetin, epigallocatechin gallate and gallocatechin gallate (GCG) displayed good inhibition toward 3CL(pro) with IC50 values of 73, 73 and 47 mu M, respectively. GCG showed a competitive inhibition pattern with value of 25 +/- A 1.7 mu M. In molecular docking experiments, GCG displayed a binding energy of -14 kcal mol(-1) to the active site of 3CL(pro) and the galloyl moiety at 3-OH position was required for 3CL(pro) inhibition activity.