GPR35 mediates lodoxamide-induced migration inhibitory response but not CXCL17-induced migration stimulatory response in THP-1 cells; is GPR35 a receptor for CXCL17?

Background and Purpose GPR35 has long been considered an orphan GPCR, because no endogenous ligand of GPR35 has been discovered. CXCL17 (a chemokine) has been reported to be an endogenous ligand of GPR35, and it has even been suggested that it be called CXCR8. However, at present there is no supporting evidence that CXCL17 does interact with GPR35. Experimental Approach We applied two assay systems to explore the relationship between CXCL17 and GPR35. An AP-TGF- shedding assay in GPR35 over-expressing HEK293 cells was used as a gain-of-function assay. GPR35 knock-down by siRNA transfection was performed in endogenously GPR35-expressing THP-1 cells. Key Results In the AP-TGF-alpha shedding assay, lodoxamide, a well-known synthetic GPR35 agonist, was confirmed to be the most potent agonist among other reported agonists. However, neither human nor mouse CXCL17 had an effect on GPR35. Consistent with previous findings, G proteins G(i/o) and G(12/13) were found to couple with GPR35. Furthermore, lodoxamide-induced activation of GPR35 was concentration-dependently inhibited by CID2745687 (a selective GPR35 antagonist). In endogenously GPR35-expressing THP-1 cells, lodoxamide concentration-dependently inhibited migration and this inhibitory effect was blocked by CID2745687 treatment or GPR35 siRNA transfection. However, even though CXCL17 stimulated the migration of THP-1 cells, which is consistent with a previous report, this stimulatory effect of CXCL17 was not blocked by CID2745687 or GPR35 siRNA. Conclusions and Implications The present findings suggest that GPR35 functions as a migration inhibitory receptor, but CXCL17-stimulated migration of THP-1 cells is not dependent on GPR35.