Journal
BIOSTATISTICS
Volume 9, Issue 4, Pages 686-699Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxm059
Keywords
air pollution; correlated data; growth curves; mixed-effects; splines
Funding
- California Air Resources Board [A033-186]
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [5P30ES07048-04, 1PO1ESO939581-01]
- US Environmental Protection Agency [CR824034-01-3, R826708-01-0]
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Flexible multilevel models are proposed to allow for cluster-specific smooth estimation of growth curves in a mixed-effects modeling format that includes subject-specific random effects on the growth parameters. Attention is then focused on models that examine between-cluster comparisons of the effects of an ecologic covariate of interest (e.g. air pollution) on nonlinear functionals of growth curves (e.g. maximum rate of growth). A Gibbs sampling approach is used to get posterior mean estimates of nonlinear functionals along with their uncertainty estimates. A second-stage ecologic random-effects model is used to examine the association between a covariate of interest (e.g. air pollution) and the nonlinear functionals. A unified estimation procedure is presented along with its computational and theoretical details. The models are motivated by, and illustrated with, lung function and air pollution data from the Southern California Children's Health Study.
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