Journal
BRAIN INJURY
Volume 32, Issue 1, Pages 113-122Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC
DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2017.1380228
Keywords
Animal model; mild traumatic brain injury; spatial memory; anxiety; chronic traumatic encephalopathy
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Funding
- Brain Injury Medicine Program
- Beth K and Stuart C Yudofsky Division of Neuropsychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine
- BCM IDDRC [U54HD083092]
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine
- Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center
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Primary Objective: Repeated traumatic brain injuries (rmTBI) are frequently associated with debilitating neuropsychiatric conditions such as cognitive impairment, mood disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder. We tested the hypothesis that repeated mild traumatic brain injury impairs spatial memory and enhances anxiety-like behaviour. Research Design: We used a between groups design using single (smTBI) or repeated (rmTBI) controlled cranial closed skull impacts to mice, compared to a control group. Methods and Procedures: We assessed the effects of smTBI and rmTBI using measures of motor performance (Rotarod Test [RT]), anxiety-like behaviour (Elevated Plus Maze [EPM] and Open Field [OF] tests), and spatial memory (Morris Water Maze [MWM]) within 12 days of the final injury. In separate groups of mice, astrocytosis and microglial activation were assessed 24 hours after the final injury using GFAP and IBA-1 immunohistochemistry. Main Outcomes and Results: RmTBI impaired spatial memory in the MWM and increased anxiety-like behaviour in the EPM and OFT. In addition, rmTBI elevated GFAP and IBA-1 immunohistochemistry throughout the mouse brain. RmTBI produced astrocytosis and microglial activation, and elicited impaired spatial memory and anxiety-like behaviour. Conclusions: rmTBI produces acute cognitive and anxiety-like disturbances associated with inflammatory changes in brain regions involved in spatial memory and anxiety.
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