The influence of demographic, physical, behavioral, and dietary factors on hemoglobin adduct levels of acrylamide and glycidamide in the general US population

Purpose: This study aims to better understand the individual characteristics and dietary factors that affect the relationship between estimated consumption of acrylamide and measured acrylamide hemoglobin adduct levels (HbAA) and glycidamide hemoglobin adduct levels (HbGA). Methods: Acrylamide levels in individual food items, estimated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, were linked to data collected in the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multivariable linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship between estimated consumption of acrylamide and HbAA. Results: A significant association between acrylamide intake and HbAA was observed, after adjustment for gender, race/ethnicity, smoking status, age, and BMI (R-2 = 0.34). Across quartiles of acrylamide consumption, HbAA and HbGA levels increased monotonically. Among nonsmokers, an evaluation of three heavily consumed, high AA concentration foods showed a positive trend between the consumed amount of fried potatoes and HbAA in children, adolescents, and adults. A significant positive trend between the consumed amount of potato chips or coffee was indicated in adolescents, adults, and seniors. Conclusions: Consumption of some individual foods affects HbAA concentrations more strongly and in an age-dependent manner. Our results suggest that effective dietary guidelines for controlling acrylamide intake should be subpopulation specific.