Journal
ANTIOXIDANTS
Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/antiox7010010
Keywords
vitamin E; long-chain metabolites of vitamin E; 13'-hydroxychromanol (13-OH); 13'-carboxychromanol (13-COOH); vitamin E metabolism; biological activity
Funding
- Federal Ministry of Education and Research [01EA1411A]
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) [RTG 1715]
- German Ministry of Economics and Technology via AiF (the German Federation of Industrial Research Associations) [AiF 16642 BR]
- FEI (the Research Association of the German Food Industry)
- Free State of Thuringia
- European Social Fund [2016 FGR 0045]
- DFG [Wa 3836/1-1]
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Vitamins E, A, D and K comprise the class of lipid-soluble vitamins. For vitamins A and D, a metabolic conversion of precursors to active metabolites has already been described. During the metabolism of vitamin E, the long-chain metabolites (LCMs) 13'-hydroxychromanol (13'-OH) and 13-carboxychromanol (13'-COOH) are formed by oxidative modification of the side-chain. The occurrence of these metabolites in human serum indicates a physiological relevance. Indeed, effects of the LCMs on lipid metabolism, apoptosis, proliferation and inflammatory actions as well as tocopherol and xenobiotic metabolism have been shown. Interestingly, there are several parallels between the actions of the LCMs of vitamin E and the active metabolites of vitamin A and D. The recent findings that the LCMs exert effects different from that of their precursors support their putative role as regulatory metabolites. Hence, it could be proposed that the mode of action of the LCMs might be mediated by a mechanism similar to vitamin A and D metabolites. If the physiological relevance and this concept of action of the LCMs can be confirmed, a general concept of activation of lipid-soluble vitamins via their metabolites might be deduced.
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