Journal
EXPERIMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY
Volume 27, Issue 5, Pages 321-343Publisher
KOREAN SOC BRAIN & NEURAL SCIENCE, KOREAN SOC NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE
DOI: 10.5607/en.2018.27.5.321
Keywords
Sex difference; Autism spectrum disorder; Animal model; Behavior
Categories
Funding
- Basic Science Research Program through the NRF - Ministry of Education [NRF-2014R1A1A2059179, NRF-2016R1D1A1A02937382]
- Bio & Medical Technology Development Program of the NRF - Korean government (MSIT) [NRF-2017M3A9G2077568]
- Business for Startup growth and technological development (TIPS Program) - Korea Ministry of SMEs and Startups [S2525668]
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Sex is an important factor in understanding the clinical presentation, management, and developmental trajectory of children with neuropsychiatric disorders. While much is known about the clinical and neurobehavioral profiles of males with neuropsychiatric disorders, surprisingly little is known about females in this respect. Animal models may provide detailed mechanistic information about sex differences in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in terms of manifestation, disease progression, and development of therapeutic options. This review aims to widen our understanding of the role of sex in autism spectrum disorder, by summarizing and comparing behavioral characteristics of animal models. Our current understanding of how differences emerge in boys and girls with neuropsychiatric disorders is limited: Information derived from animal studies will stimulate future research on the role of biological maturation rates, sex hormones, sex-selective protective (or aggravating) factors and psychosocial factors, which are essential to devise sex precision medicine and to improve diagnostic accuracy. Moreover, there is a strong need of novel strategies to elucidate the major mechanisms leading to sex-specific autism features, as well as novel models or methods to examine these sex differences.
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