Journal
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
Volume 102, Issue 23, Pages 10987-10995Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.055
Keywords
Fluoroquinolones; Trametes versicolor; Pharmaceuticals; Biodegradation; Laccase
Funding
- European Research Council (ERC)
- European Commission [PIEF-GA-2009-235049]
- Basque Government
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More than 90% of the antibiotics ciprofloxacin (CIPRO) and norfloxacin (NOR) at 2 mg L-1 were degraded by Trametes versicolor after 7 days of incubation in malt extract liquid medium. In in vitro assays with purified laccase (16.7 nkat mL(-1)), an extracellular enzyme excreted constitutively by this fungus, 16% of CIPRO was removed after 20 h. The addition of the laccase mediator 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt led to 97.7% and 33.7% degradation of CIPRO and NOR, respectively. Inhibition of CIPRO and NOR degradation by the cytochrome P450 inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole suggests that the P450 system also plays a role in the degradation of the two antibiotics. Transformation products of CIPRO and NOR were monitored at different incubation times by triple-quadrupole and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and can be assigned to three different reaction pathways: (i) oxidation of the piperazinyl substituent, (ii) monohydroxylation, and (iii) formation of dimeric products. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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