Journal
PAPILLOMAVIRUS RESEARCH
Volume 5, Issue -, Pages 46-58Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.pvr.2017.12.006
Keywords
Therapeutic vaccine; HPV; E6 and E7; Cervical cancer; Plant-based production
Categories
Funding
- Poliomyelitis Research Foundation (PRF) [15/12]
- National Research Foundation of South Africa (NRF)
- Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA)
- Carnegie Corporation of New York
- PRF
- University of Cape Town
- NRF
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Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and it is estimated that Human papillomavirus (HPV) related cancers account for 5% of all human cancers. Current HPV vaccines are extremely effective at preventing infection and neoplastic disease; however, they are prophylactic and do not clear established infections. Therapeutic vaccines which trigger cell-mediated immune responses for the treatment of established infections and malignancies are therefore required. The E6 and E7 early genes are ideal targets for vaccine therapy due to their role in disruption of the cell cycle and their constitutive expression in premalignant and malignant tissues. Several strategies have been investigated for the development of therapeutic vaccines, including live-vector, nucleic acid, peptide, protein-based and cell-based vaccines as well as combinatorial approaches, with several vaccine candidates progressing to clinical trials. With the current understanding of the HPV life cycle, molecular mechanisms of infection, carcinogenesis, tumour biology, the tumour microenvironment and immune response mechanisms, an approved HPV therapeutic vaccine seems to be a goal not far from being achieved. In this article, the status of therapeutic HPV vaccines in clinical trials are reviewed, and the potential for plant-based vaccine production platforms described.
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