Using water stable isotopes for tracing surface and groundwater flow systems in the Barlow-Ojibway Clay Belt, Quebec, Canada

This study aims to improve the understanding of surface and groundwater flow systems based on water stable isotope data in a 19,549 km(2) region of the Barlow-Ojibway Clay Belt, in western Quebec, Canada. The available geochemical database contains 645samples including precipitation, snow cores, surface waters, groundwater and springs. All samples were analyzed for water stable isotopes (delta H-2-delta O-18) and complementary tritium analyses were conducted on 98 groundwater and spring samples. Precipitations depict a clear temperature-dependent seasonal pattern and define a local meteoric water line (LMWL) without a latitudinal trend in delta H-2-delta O-18. Samples collected from the snowpack plot on the LMWL, suggesting that the bulk snowpack preserves the isotopic composition of precipitation throughout the frozen period, prior to the spring snowmelt. Surface water samples define a local evaporation line (LEL), and evaporation over inflow (E/I) ratios range between 0 and 36%. Groundwater and spring samples are evenly distributed around the LMWL, suggesting that evaporation processes are limited prior to infiltration and that surface waters do not significantly contribute to groundwater recharge. Shallow unconfined aquifers present a greater variability in delta H-2-delta O-18 compared to confined aquifers located farther down gradient, suggesting the mixing of varied recharge waters along the regional groundwater flow system. A three-component mixing model based on isotopic and specific electrical conductivity data allows the quantification of such mixing processes. The interpretation of isotopic data constrains a regional-scale conceptual model of groundwater flow systems and describes processes related to the timing of recharge, evaporation, mixing and discharge.