Colonic inflammation affects myenteric alpha-synuclein in nonhuman primates

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) patients frequently present gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction that, in many cases, predates the onset of motor symptoms. In PD, the pre-synaptic protein alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn) undergoes pathological changes, including phosphorylation and aggregation leading to the formation of Lewy bodies, which can be found in neurons of the enteric nervous system (ENS). Inflammation has been proposed as a possible trigger of alpha-syn pathology. Interestingly, patients with inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, conditions associated with GI inflammation, are at higher risk of developing PD. Captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) develop colitis, providing a natural platform to assess the relationship between alpha-syn pathology and GI inflammation. Materials and Methods: Sections of proximal colon from marmosets with colitis (n=5; 5.3 +/- 2.3 years old; 4 male) and normal controls (n=5; 4.1 +/- 1.6 years old; 1 male) were immunostained against protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), human leukocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR), cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3), cluster of differentiation 20 (CD20), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), alpha-syn, and serine 129 phosphorylated alpha-syn (p-alpha-syn). Immunoreactivity of each staining in the myenteric plexus was quantified using NIH ImageJ software. Results: Marmosets with colitis had significantly increased expression of inflammatory markers (HLA-DR, p<0.02; CD3, p<0.008), oxidative stress (8-OHdG, p<0.05), and p-alpha-syn (p<0.02) and decreased expression of alpha-syn (p<0.04) in the colonic myenteric ganglia compared to normal, healthy controls. Conclusion: Colonic inflammation is associated with changes in alpha-syn expression and phosphorylation in the myenteric plexus of common marmosets. Future evaluation of the vagus nerve and brain of animals with colitis will be key to assess the contribution of colitis-induced ENS alpha-syn pathology to PD-like pathology in the brain.