Journal
ENERGY ECONOMICS
Volume 85, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104571
Keywords
CO2 emissions; Energy consumption; Panel data; Cross-sectional dependence; ASEAN
Categories
Funding
- Ministry of Education Malaysia [203/PSOSIAL/6711615]
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We re-examine the relationship between CO2 emissions, energy consumption (EC) and economic growth (GDP) for the five main Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN-5) countries over the period 1980-2016. Our main contention is that the findings in previous studies that have examined the relationship between CO2, EC and GDP in the ASEAN-5 are biased because they fail to account for cross-sectional dependence (CD). We show that conventional tests applied to our dataset suggest a misleading conclusion about the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and Granger causal relationship between CO2, EC and GDP in the presence of CD. When we apply a new panel test of Granger non-causality that addresses CD and heterogeneity, we find considerable heterogeneity. We find unidirectional Granger causality running from GDP to CO2 for Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand; unidirectional causality running from GDP to EC in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand; unidirectional causality running from EC to GDP in Singapore and bidirectional causality between GDP and EC in the Philippines. We also find support for the EKC hypothesis for the ASEAN-5 countries. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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