Vehicle Automation;Other Road User Communication and Coordination: Theory and Mechanisms

When automobiles were first introduced in the early 1900s, poor communication and unsafe interactions between drivers and other road users generated resistance. This created a need for new infrastructure, vehicle design, and social norms to mitigate their negative effects on society. Vehicle automation may lead to similar challenges as drivers are supplanted by machines, potentially eliminating social behaviors that serve to smooth on-road communication and coordination. Through a review of communication, robotics, and traffic engineering literature, we explore the mechanisms that allow people to communicate on the road. We show the sensitivity of road users to signals that are sent through vehicle motion, suggesting a need to design vehicle automation kinematics for communication and not just external lighting signals. The framework further points to interdependence in communication where road users modulate their behaviors concurrently to exchange information and develop common ground. Designing automation to support common ground may smooth negotiations by generating interpretable signals in ambiguous situations. We propose a process to make automation observable and directable for other road users by considering vehicle motion during development of algorithms, interfaces, and interactions. Road users will be incidental users of vehicle automation;users whose goals are not directly supported by the technology;and poor communication with them may undermine the safety and acceptance of vehicle automation. As the reach of automation grows, communication among humans and machines may fundamentally change social interactions, requiring a framework to guide the process of making automation interactions smooth and natural.