Journal
THERANOSTICS
Volume 11, Issue 1, Pages 222-256Publisher
IVYSPRING INT PUBL
DOI: 10.7150/thno.49860
Keywords
selective autophagy; autophagy receptor; mitophagy; ER-phagy; proteaphagy; ribophagy; pexophagy; lipophagy; lysophagy; nucleophagy
Categories
Funding
- NSFC [31771531, 81622050, 91754115, U1801284, 81873209]
- Project of Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program [2017BT01Y036]
- GDUPS (2019)
- Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province [2017B090901051, 2016A020215152]
- GDUPS (2018)
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Autophagy is a physiological process that degrades over-abundant or damaged organelles via the lysosomal system, induced by stress and occurring in both non-selective and selective manners. Selective autophagy plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and its dysfunction is implicated in various diseases.
Macroautophagy (hereafter called autophagy) is a highly conserved physiological process that degrades over-abundant or damaged organelles, large protein aggregates and invading pathogens via the lysosomal system (the vacuole in plants and yeast). Autophagy is generally induced by stress, such as oxygen-, energy- or amino acid-deprivation, irradiation, drugs, etc. In addition to non-selective bulk degradation, autophagy also occurs in a selective manner, recycling specific organelles, such as mitochondria, peroxisomes, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lysosomes, nuclei, proteasomes and lipid droplets (LDs). This capability makes selective autophagy a major process in maintaining cellular homeostasis. The dysfunction of selective autophagy is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), tumorigenesis, metabolic disorders, heart failure, etc. Considering the importance of selective autophagy in cell biology, we systemically review the recent advances in our understanding of this process and its regulatory mechanisms. We emphasize the `cargo-ligand-receptor' model in selective autophagy for specific organelles or cellular components in yeast and mammals, with a focus on mitophagy and ER-phagy, which are finely described as types of selective autophagy. Additionally, we highlight unanswered questions in the field, helping readers focus on the research blind spots that need to be broken.
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