Structure-activity relationships for inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase and differentiation induction of K562 cells among the mycophenolic acid derivatives

Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenases (IMPDHs) are the committed step in de novo guanine nucleotide biosynthesis. There are two separate, but very closely related IMPDH isoenzymes, termed type I and type II. IMPDHs are widely believed to be major targets for cancer and transplantation therapy. Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a potent inhibitor of IMPDHs. Previously, we found that MPA acted as a latent agonist of this nuclear hormone receptor in U2OS cells, and 6'-hydroxamic acid derivatives of MPA inhibited tubulin-specific histone deacetylase[s] (HDAC[s]) in HeLa cells. Although MPA is a promising lead compound, structure-activity relationships (SARs) for inhibition of IMPDH, and the mechanism action of MPA derivatives have not well been understood. We therefore synthesized, evaluated MPA derivatives as IMPDH inhibitor in vitro and cellular level, and explored their biological function and mechanism in cultured cells. This paper exhibits that (i) functional groups at C-5, C-7, and C-6' positions in MPA are important for inhibitory activity against IMPDH, (ii) it is difficult to improve specificity against IMPDH II by modification of 5-, 7-, and 6'-group, (iii) demethylation of 5-OMe results in increasing hydrophilicity, and lowering cell permeability, (iv) ester bonds of protective groups at C-7 and C-6' positions are hydrolyzed to give MPA in cultures, (v) the effects of a tubulin-specific HDAC[s] inhibitor on proliferation and differentiation are weaker than its inhibitory activity against IMPDH. The present work may provide insight into the development of a new class of drug lead for treating cancer and transplantation. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.